These composer-performers are often credited as inventing fixed forms of secular music and poetry that have evolved into some of the modern lyrical forms we still use today, such as verse-chorus form. The female counterpart to the male troubadour is the trobairitz, while the term “trouvère” describes singer-songwriters in northern France. The troubadour tradition began in southern France in the late 11th century and spread to Italy and Spain during the 12th century. Troubadours and trouvères were singers and songwriters of lyric poetry who typically wrote about chivalry and courtly love.
In fact, one of the most influential developments in European music history may have come from Arab culture. Ever since the Middle Ages, musicians in Europe eagerly adopted musical traditions from around the world, from as far as the Indian subcontinent to the shores of Northern Africa. However, we’ve always been a global society in which the sounds of many cultures mix together to create new forms of self-expression. Globalization in recent decades has led to a number of exciting cross-cultural collaborations among musicians. A Muslim and a Christian playing ouds in a miniature from Cantigas de Santa Maria of Alfonso X
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